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NASA has info about Earth:
Earth orbits our Sun, a star. Earth is the third planet from the Sun at a distance of about 93 million miles (150 million km).A day on Earth is 24 hours. Earth makes a complete orbit around the Sun in about 365 days (a year in Earth time).
Laika the dog was the first Earthling to orbit Earth aboard the Soviet Union's Sputnik 2 in 1957. She did not survive the trip. A few years later, the next two Soviet space dogs - Belka and Strelka - became the first living creatures to return from space alive - paving the way for future human explorers.
However Belka and Strelka never returned from space if they ever were there.
It is quite easy to lob a space craft into orbit around Earth but a re-entry is not possible.
A re-entry is done by a spacecraft (or an ICBM) returning to Earth from space at high speed that manages slowing down and land in 10 to 30 minutes or longer. The first re-entry with a human aboard was done by Juri Gagarin 1961 ICBM style with start on Earth and a landing on Earth a little later. It was a communist hoax! It never happened in reality! It was Fake News! Pure bullshit propaganda.
The velocity at beginning of any re-entry at top of atmosphere (altitude 120 000 meters) - the re-entry interface - differs considerably depending on where the space craft comes from.
It is suggested that a manned spacecraft arrives with speed >21.000 m/s, when coming from planet Mars, >11.000 m/s, when coming from the Moon or only about 8.000 m/s, when coming from Earth Parking Orbit, EPO.
Reason for different re-entry velocities is that Earth gravity has accelerated the spacecrafts during different times; weeks for a spacecraft coming from Mars, days for a spacecraft coming from the Moon and hours for a spacecraft trying to descend from a space station in EPO or 30 minutes for an ICBM descending from its top altitude.
You must arrive at the starting point of a re-entry at the right time! If you arrive 10 seconds too early or late, you miss the end point - the landing zone or target - by 80.000 - 210.000 meters! What the change of direction (°/s) is better forgotten. Spacecrafts are supposed to land at 0 speed, so parachutes are required at the end. ICBMs will just go faster and faster during re-entry. During re-entry there is always (LOL) a break in communication between spacecraft or ICBM and ground.
Assuming that it is possible to steer the spacecraft or ICBM to arrive at the correct location, at the right moment, at the right direction at the upper atmosphere in Earth 3D space (it isn't), it is suggested that suddenly a big brake force (!) develops out of nowhere up in the sky, which slows down the spacecraft to land in front of a welcome committee with a brass band.
It is suggested that this big brake force is due only to contact between the spacecraft or ICBM and air or atmosphere but it is nonsense. Or pure bullshit!
It cannot happen in reality!
Only brain washed people believe it!
The first re-entry in history after a trip to the Moon was Apollo 8 (NASA link does not work any longer) on December 27, 1968.
Apollo 8 was a small spacecraft capsule/command module without toilet. At 139h15m after start (and no visits to the toilet) Apollo 8 was 94 800 kms from Entry Interface 6h30m away. Speed was only 2.650 m/s. 37 minutes later Apollo 8 was 88 900 kms from Entry Interface with speed 2.740 m/s.
During the next 6 hrs velocity increased all the time, e.g. 63 minutes later at140h55m - 78 300 kms from Entry Interface - speed 2 926 m/s, 124 minutes later at 142h59m - 56 340 kms from Entry Interface - speed 3 443 m/s, 37 minutes later at 143h36m - 49 000 kms from Entry Interface - speed 3 680 m/s, 37 minutes later at 144h13m - 41 255 kms from Entry Interface - speed 3 993 m/s, 25 minutes later at 144h38m - 35 188 kms from Entry Interface - speed 4 276 m/s, 31 minutes later at 145h09m - 28 254 kms from Entry Interface - speed 4 712 m/s, 23 minutes later at 145h32m - 21 531 kms from Entry Interface - speed 5 265 m/s, 13 minutes later (1 hr 1 m to Entry Interface) at 145h45m - 17 800 kms from Entry Interface - speed 5 588 m/s, 27 minutes later at 146h12m - 9 167 kms from Entry Interface - speed 7 103 m/s. At 146h31m the Service module was dumped (it burnt up in the atmosphere). Command module - the spacecraft with three humans - continued alone at increased speed. Reason why velocity increased and direction turned down to Earth was that Earth gravity force accelerated Apollo 8 straight down all the time!
Re-entry
Interface at 120 000 m altitude was
apparently reached at 146h46m - speed was
then 11.040
m/s! Maybe they were above Tokyo at that
time? With that speed straight down Apollo 8
would have hit the Ginza after 11 seconds. It
didn't happen. Apollo 8 flew off towards
Palmyra island in a remote area of the
Pacific Ocean (where
nobody could watch)! What happened
then, i.e. the real re-entry
trajectory from Entry Interface to splash
down is not really known. There was a break in
communication but at 146h54m - drogue chutes
were out at 7.000
m altitude (we are told) (speed estimate 200 m/s?),
at 146h55m - chutes were deployed and at
147h00m - splash down - December 27,
1968 (at 15.51.42 UTC local time), pos
8°8'N 165°1' W. Hole in one!
Just in front of
awaiting navy ships and a brass band playing! The
Apollo 8 crew could finally go to the
toilet. How Apollo
8 managed to slow down from
11.040
m/s speed to 0 in 14 minutes (or
840 seconds) at 13.14 m/s² has never
really been explained. Everyone was so happy that
it just happened, so nobody ever asked ... how?
Actually no re-entry took place at
all. It was just a Hollywood bullshit show!
Apollo 8 command module was dropped from a
US airplane that took off from an airbase
nearby. Willy
Low
was happy! Americans believed anything 1968!
The US Space Program was a success! Even if it was
100% fakery! If e.g.
Apollo
11
with mass 5 500 kg would start its
re-entry as shown right with a speed of
about 11 000 m/s, when arriving in and
dipping into the upper, very thin atmosphere at say
120.000
meters altitude - the re-entry interface
- with a certain direction relative ground
(probably smaller than shown) and, if you intend to
slow down at a constant 18.0 m/s²
deceleration during about 10 minutes, you
must apart from the brake force in the opposite
direction of travel also counter the 9.8
m/s² vertical downwards pull of Earth
gravity. It would appear that the constant,
total force suddenly applied to re-enter and
land must be of the order
130.900
N (that corresponds to 23.8 m/s²)
during 10 minutes and you should of course
wonder where it comes from. That force will also
change your direction! Can a force of
130.900
N (or 13 tons) just suddenly appear out of
nowhere up in the sky at 120 000 m
altitude?
It is suggested that
this brake force consists of aerodynamic drag and lift but
there is no air at
120.000
m altitude to provide any drag and lift.
Regardless, drag/lift forces are functions of spacecraft shape and flow, velocity and air density, which are changing all the time, i.e. the forces are not constant and so it is impossible to predict the brake trajectory of the re-entry from when the variable drag/lift forces are applied. You have not got a clue, where you will end up! It means that you will start to spin and burn up.
Furthermore it is suggested (already 1966) that a future spacecraft arriving from Mars at 21 000 m/s speed will bounce (LOL) on the top of the atmosphere, skip out and do a second re-entry (terminal control) a little later, i.e. the brake force lifts the spacecraft back into space again at first contact with the atmosphere:
But how do you control and determine such a high speed, skip out re-entry? Can you do it braking or speeding up with a rocket engine?
In order just to prepare a re-entry from EPO you must ensure that you arrive on time at the location to start re-entry at the exact speed/direction. If you are too early or too late to start your re-entry, you must slow down or speed up before to arrive in order not to make a mess of the rest.
It is not easy. It is in fact very difficult. The only way to slow down is to fire your rocket engine. Apollo 11 didn't have any but the Shuttle had:
To adjust re-entry speed at around 8 000 m/s velocity only from EPO costs plenty fuel. Say that your Shuttle arrives at 8.050 m/s speed with kinetic energy 32.401.250 J/kg, but that it should arrive at 7 950 m/s speed and kinetic energy 31.601.250 J/kg to succeed the complete re-entry. The difference in kinetic energy is then 800 000 J/kg.
Have you got the fuel to adjust the speed 100 m/s? The answer is simple.
Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky has established that the change in velocity, delta-v, of a spacecraft in vacuum space (no influence of gravity of adjacent planet Earth) is a function of the mass ratio (spacecraft mass before, m0 and after, m1 firing the rocket engine, difference m0 - m1 being the fuel mass ejected as exhaust gas and the exhaust velocity ve of gas leaving the spaceship rocket nozzle.Delta-v = ve ln (m0/m1)
Example - here we want to slow down a 78.000 kg (m0) Shuttle (with fuel) entering the atmosphere backwards at a almost horizontal speed of 8.050 m/s (no influence of gravity) to 7.950 m/s to ensure arriving at the re-entry location. The fuel aboard is ejected at a velocity ve of say 4.000 m/s. Delta-v is 100 m/s!
Then ln(m0/m1) = 0.025 and m0/m1 is about 1.025315!
It means that you need ~2.5% of the spacecraft mass or 2 000 kg of fuel just to slow down 100 m/s or 1.25% of the speed!
If your rocket engine is an old one with ve only 2.800 m/s, then ln(m0/m1) = 0.035 and m0/m1 is about 1.03636!
It means that you need ~3.6% of the spacecraft mass or 2 800 kg of fuel just to slow down 100 m/s!
And you have to fire the rocket engine in exactly the right direction! Otherwise you brake out of correct direction! And will miss the target.
Let's face it. You cannot do it. You cannot carry the fuel required! You cannot aim the brake force in the right direction.
How Apollo 11 without any rocket engine aboard managed to arrive at the re-entry start point in the upper atmosphere at the right time/speed/direction in 1969 is a mystery. Or not! It was all fantasy!
All re-entries since 1961 are hoaxes! You are going too fast and do not know your speeds, positions and directions at any moment and cannot adjust anything, as you do not have the means to do it.
The re-entry was an integral part of the 1957-1991 US/USSR fake 'space race', i.e. simple propaganda. The Russians just said it was dead easy and the Americans agreed. But it was and is impossible.
28
November 2017 North Korea launched an
ICBM
4 475
kilometres (!) up in the sky, which then, after 53
minutes mostly flying in vacuum space including a
re-entry
through the atmosphere, crashed 950 kilometres
north in Korea proper or in the Japan Sea ... in
the middle of the night ...we were told! US
Secretary of Defense James
Mattis
no less witnessed the show himself. But it
never happened! It was fake news! To start
at sea level with 0 speed and gravity 9.8 m/s²
and reach 4.475
km altitude, where gravity is reduced to only
3.4 m/s², requires a big force to be applied
during a certain time to first accelerate and then
catapult the ICBM to
4.475
km altitude, where the vertical speed again
becomes 0. It requires plenty fuel. No NK rocket
can do it! Then the ICBM without fuel
dropped down to ground again by itself due to
gravity, while the speed
increased.
Just dropping
something from 4 475 km altitude in a variable
gravity field ignoring air friction takes time ... say 20
minutes ... and then the impact speed may be 7 600
m/s, but you cannot ignore friction. The friction
not only slows down the ICBM, it also heats it up ...
so it burns up at say 80 km altitude like a
meteorite. It is one reason why all ICBMs are
propaganda
since more than 50 years.
It was just the latest US standard propaganda and fake news show. No one saw any ICBM being launched or crashing anywhere.
Media just published everything without checking the basics, as usual. ICBMs just melts at re-entry and are useless! Imagine - 4.475 kilometres up in the sky! To wipe out Washington, DC, the White House and Donald!
Today 2022 it should be patently obvious to any intelligent person that the 'space race' was since day one in the 1950's - and still to this day - nothing but a silly TV 'reality show' and, undoubtedly, a very effective one. It was a brilliant idea on the part of the US (Hollywood?) scriptwriters to have the 'evil Russian communists' being cast as the first 'conquerors of space' and the Russians played along. All Russian cosmonauts were and are actors - like the American ones! No one was in space!
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US astronaut/actor Mark Kelly (left) has according MSM done several re-entries with the 75+ tons Shuttle returning from EPO in space flying upside down and backwards at 8 000 m/s speed first braking with the rocket engines, then flipping 180° forwards to glide down, bla, bla, bla. He is today a US senator at Washington, DC, but doesn't really reply to e-mails, but you may call him at (+1) 202-224-2235 As re-entries are impossible, it would appear that Mr. Kelly is part of the NASA hoax. He is not alone. Mr. Kelly is married to Ms. Gabrielle Giffords, a former Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, who had the misfortune to be shot through her head on 8 January 2011 at a Tucson, Arizona, supermarket ... according media. Or she shot herself while playing with a gun at home? She was fond of guns. But not the violence associated with guns. She also looks like an actress. |
She survived the incident having her brains blown apart and could five months later attend the departure of her husband on his fourth and last fake trip into space.
Mark retired from the human space travel hoax 1 October 2011. Gabrielle has also retired from the brains blown apart show. And then they lived happily (?) retired on Earth forever. But the show must go on! Here you can meet some other space clowns.
Go to E!